Cancer Cervix
Cervical malignancy refers to cancerous tumors that develop in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The majority of cervical cancers are caused by persistent infections with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
Regular cervical cancer screening, including Pap tests and HPV testing, can help detect precancerous changes or early-stage cervical cancer before symptoms develop. Treatment options for cervical malignancy depend on the stage of cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Vaccination against high-risk HPV types and practicing safe sexual behaviors, such as using condoms, can reduce the risk of HPV infection and the development of cervical malignancy. Early detection and timely treatment significantly improve the prognosis and outcomes for women with cervical cancer.
Pathogenesis features:
- HPV infection: Persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV, particularly HPV types 16 and 18, is the main cause of cervical cancer. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause changes in the cervical cells, leading to the development of precancerous lesions and eventually cancer. Risk factors for HPV infection include early onset of sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and a weakened immune system.
- Precancerous changes: Before cervical cancer develops, precancerous changes can occur in the cervical cells. These changes are known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and are graded as CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3, depending on the degree of abnormality in the cells. If left untreated, high-grade CIN (CIN 2 and CIN 3) can progress to invasive cervical cancer.
Clinical features:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding: The most common symptom of cervical malignancy is abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly postcoital bleeding (bleeding after sexual intercourse) or intermenstrual bleeding (bleeding between periods). Postmenopausal bleeding can also occur in advanced stages of cervical cancer.
- Watery, bloody, or foul-smelling vaginal discharge: Some women with cervical malignancy may experience an unusual vaginal discharge that can be watery, bloody, or have a foul odor.
- Pelvic pain or discomfort: In advanced stages of cervical cancer, women may experience pelvic pain or discomfort. This can be due to the spread of the cancer to nearby tissues and organs.
- Urinary or bowel symptoms: As the tumor grows and spreads, it can press against the bladder or rectum, causing symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, pain during urination, constipation, or rectal bleeding.
- Fatigue and weight loss: Advanced cervical cancer can lead to fatigue, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss, and a general decline in overall health.