Ectopic Pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy refers to the implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tubes. It is important to note that the clinical presentation of ectopic pregnancy can vary, and some women may have atypical or minimal symptoms. In such cases, the condition may go undetected until a complication, such as rupture, occurs.
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in ectopic pregnancy to prevent life-threatening complications. Diagnostic methods include ultrasound imaging, measurement of hormone levels (such as beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, or β-hCG), and pelvic examination. Treatment options depend on various factors, including the location and size of the ectopic pregnancy, the presence of complications, and the patient's overall health. Treatment may involve medication to stop the growth of the ectopic pregnancy or immediate surgical intervention (laparoscopic or open surgery) by your Gynaecologist to remove the ectopic pregnancy.
Pathogenesis Features:
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg fails to travel down the fallopian tube and into the uterus for implantation. Instead, it implants and grows in a location outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. The exact cause of ectopic pregnancy is often unknown, but several risk factors can contribute to its development. These risk factors include a history of pelvic inflammatory disease, previous ectopic pregnancy, tubal surgery or abnormalities, reproductive tract infections, use of assisted reproductive technologies, and certain contraceptive methods.
Clinical features:
- Abdominal pain: The most common symptom of ectopic pregnancy is abdominal pain, typically on one side of the lower abdomen. The pain may be persistent or intermittent and can range from mild to severe. It may also radiate to the shoulder or neck.
- Vaginal bleeding: Vaginal bleeding, often lighter and different from a regular menstrual period, can occur in ectopic pregnancy. It may be accompanied by other symptoms such as pelvic pain or discomfort.
- Amenorrhea: Ectopic pregnancy can cause a delay or absence of menstrual periods, leading to amenorrhea. However, not all ectopic pregnancies result in a missed period, and some women may experience irregular bleeding.
- Shoulder pain: In some cases of ectopic pregnancy, there may be referred pain felt in the shoulder area. This occurs due to irritation of the diaphragm caused by blood or fluid from a ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
- Weakness, dizziness, and fainting: If an ectopic pregnancy ruptures or causes internal bleeding, it can lead to symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, lightheadedness, or even fainting. These symptoms indicate a medical emergency and require immediate attention.
- Gastrointestinal symptoms: Some women with ectopic pregnancy may experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation.