Menopause
Menopause is a natural biological process that occurs in women as they age. It is defined as the permanent cessation of menstrual periods for at least 12 consecutive months. The pathogenesis of menopause involves a gradual decline in the function of the ovaries, which leads to a decrease in the production of reproductive hormones, particularly estrogen, and progesterone. The exact cause of this decline is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. The aging of the ovaries and the depletion of ovarian follicles, which are responsible for releasing eggs and producing hormones, play a central role in the pathogenesis of menopause.
It is important to note that the timing and severity of menopausal symptoms can vary widely among women. Some women may experience minimal symptoms, while others may have more pronounced and bothersome symptoms. If menopausal symptoms significantly affect daily life or quality of life, various treatment options, including hormone therapy and non-hormonal interventions, can be considered. It is recommended that women consult a Gynaecologist to discuss their symptoms, evaluate their overall health, and determine the most appropriate management approach based on their individual circumstances.
Clinical Features:
- Irregular menstrual periods: As women approach menopause, their menstrual cycles may become irregular. Periods may occur more frequently or less frequently, and the flow may be lighter or heavier than usual.
- Hot flashes: Hot flashes are a common symptom of menopause and involve a sudden feeling of warmth or intense heat that spreads over the body, often accompanied by sweating and flushing of the skin. Hot flashes can vary in frequency and intensity and may be disruptive to daily life.
- Night sweats: Night sweats are similar to hot flashes but occur during sleep, leading to excessive sweating and the need to change bedclothes or sheets. They can disrupt sleep and cause fatigue.
- Vaginal dryness: Menopause can cause a decrease in vaginal lubrication due to decreased estrogen levels. This can lead to vaginal dryness, itching, discomfort during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), and an increased risk of vaginal infections.
- Mood changes: Some women may experience mood swings, irritability, anxiety, or feelings of sadness or depression during menopause. Hormonal changes and the impact of menopause on daily life can contribute to these emotional symptoms.
- Sleep disturbances: Menopause can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep. Night sweats and hormonal fluctuations can contribute to sleep disturbances.
- Changes in sexual function: Menopause can affect sexual desire (libido) and sexual function. Vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse can lead to a decrease in sexual satisfaction.
- Bone loss: Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining bone health. With decreased estrogen levels during menopause, women may experience accelerated bone loss, leading to an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures.