Ovarian cancer/ malignancy
Ovarian malignancy refers to cancerous tumors that develop in the ovaries. There are different types of ovarian malignancies, including epithelial ovarian cancer, germ cell tumors, and sex cord-stromal tumors. The pathogenesis and clinical features of ovarian malignancy can vary depending on the specific type of tumor.
It is important to note that these clinical features are not specific to ovarian malignancy and can be associated with other benign conditions. However, if any of these symptoms are persistent, severe, or progressively worsening, it is crucial to consult your Gynaecologist for a thorough evaluation. Early detection and diagnosis of ovarian malignancy can significantly improve treatment outcomes. Diagnostic methods may include imaging studies (such as ultrasound or CT scans), blood tests (such as CA-125 tumor marker), and, in some cases, a surgical biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for ovarian malignancy typically involve surgery, chemotherapy, and, in some cases, targeted therapy or radiation therapy, depending on the stage and type of tumor.
Pathogenesis features:
- Genetic mutations: Ovarian malignancies often involve genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of tumors. Mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, as well as other genes involved in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation, are associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
- Hormonal factors: Hormonal imbalances and long-term exposure to estrogen can influence the development of ovarian malignancies. For example, women who have never been pregnant or have had few pregnancies have a higher risk of ovarian cancer.
- Inflammation: Chronic inflammation in the ovaries, often due to conditions such as endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease, may contribute to the development of ovarian malignancies.
Clinical features:
- Abdominal or pelvic pain: Persistent or recurrent abdominal or pelvic pain is a common symptom of ovarian malignancy. The pain may be vague or localized and may be accompanied by a feeling of fullness or pressure in the abdomen.
- Bloating and abdominal distension: Ovarian malignancies can cause the abdomen to appear swollen or distended. This can be due to the presence of a tumor or the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen (ascites).
- Changes in bowel habits: Some women with ovarian malignancy may experience changes in bowel habits, such as constipation or diarrhea, or a feeling of pressure on the rectum.
- Urinary symptoms: Ovarian tumors can put pressure on the bladder, leading to urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, or difficulty emptying the bladder completely.
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding: In some cases, ovarian malignancy may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding, including postmenopausal bleeding or bleeding between periods.
- Weight loss and fatigue: Unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, and fatigue can occur in advanced stages of ovarian malignancy.