Uterine Cancer/ Malignancy
Uterine malignancy refers to cancerous tumors that develop in the uterus, primarily in the endometrium (the inner lining) or less commonly in the myometrium (the muscular layer). The most common type of uterine malignancy is endometrial cancer.
It is important to note that these clinical features are not specific to uterine malignancy and can be associated with other benign conditions as well. However, if any of these symptoms are persistent, severe, or progressively worsening, it is crucial to consult your Gynaecologist for a thorough evaluation. Diagnostic methods for uterine malignancy may include imaging studies (such as transvaginal ultrasound or MRI), endometrial biopsy, and, in some cases, a surgical procedure (such as dilation and curettage or hysteroscopy) to obtain a tissue sample for pathological examination. Treatment options for uterine malignancy depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and timely intervention are key in improving the prognosis and outcomes for uterine malignancies.
Clinical features:
1. Abnormal uterine bleeding: The most common symptom of uterine malignancy, especially endometrial cancer, is abnormal uterine bleeding. This may include postmenopausal bleeding, irregular menstrual bleeding, or excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia).
2. Pelvic pain or discomfort: Some women with uterine malignancy may experience pelvic pain or discomfort. The pain may be localized or generalized and can range from mild to severe.
3. Abdominal swelling or bloating: In advanced stages of uterine malignancy, the tumor can cause enlargement of the uterus, leading to abdominal swelling or bloating.
4. Pelvic mass or palpable mass: In some cases, a palpable mass or an enlarged uterus may be detected during a pelvic examination. However, not all uterine malignancies present with an easily palpable mass.
5. Weight loss and fatigue: Unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, and fatigue can occur in advanced stages of uterine malignancy.
Pathogenesis features:
1. Estrogen exposure: Increased exposure to estrogen, either due to hormonal imbalances or prolonged exposure to estrogen without the balancing effects of progesterone, is a significant risk factor for the development of endometrial cancer.
2. Genetic mutations: Genetic mutations, particularly in genes such as PTEN, TP53, and KRAS, are associated with the development of uterine malignancies. These mutations can disrupt normal cell growth regulation and increase the risk of cancerous growth.
3. Hyperplasia: Endometrial hyperplasia, characterized by the excessive proliferation of endometrial cells, is a precursor to endometrial cancer.